The research analyses the varying relationships between online media platforms and printed newspapers. We evaluate the demographic differences of age, educational level, and digital literacy in influencing media consumption, as well as the perceived impact of online media. In this study, purposive sampling was used, and a total of 101 participants were recruited across the demographic spectrum to ensure that a broad base of participants was included. This methodological decision was critical in achieving a wide range of participants’ ages (from 20 years old and younger to those of 60 years old and older), with various levels of education and employment statuses. Self-developed questionnaires provided quantitative data on the participant demographics, digital literacy, and their beliefs about how online media affected printed newspapers. To validate the findings, the various statistical techniques such as descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, ANOVA, T-tests, chi-square tests and regression analysis were used. Our research established a positive relationship between digital literacy and age, and the consumption of online media with perception on the effect of digital media on the sale of newspapers as well as revenue obtained from advertisement. In particular, the young people with higher digital media literacy were more inclined to consume online media products and estimated the negative effects on traditional newspapers as being much bigger than the others. The implications of the study suggest that traditional media needs to come up with strategic adaptation mechanisms in view of declining dominance in the contemporary media world.
Keywords
Online Media, Evolving Media Dynamics, Demographic Factors, Digital Literacy, Traditional Newspapers, Traditional Media Outlets, Perception Impact.
M. D. Wilkinson et al., “The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship,” Scientific Data, vol. 3, no. 1, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
S. Murugesan, “Understanding Web 2.0,” IT Professional, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 34–41, Jul. 2007, doi: 10.1109/mitp.2007.78.
P. Mohagheghi, “Impacts of software reuse and incremental development on the quality of large systems,” 2004.
I. Neamtiu, G. Xie, and J. Chen, “Towards a better understanding of software evolution: an empirical study on open‐source software,” Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 193–218, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1002/smr.564.
D. Cuillier and S. J. Piotrowski, “Internet information-seeking and its relation to support for access to government records,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 441–449, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2009.03.001.
Ma. Deuze, “The Web and its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of Newsmedia Online,” New Media & Society, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 203–230, Jun. 2003, doi: 10.1177/1461444803005002004.
A. Cordella and C. M. Bonina, “A public value perspective for ICT enabled public sector reforms: A theoretical reflection,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 512–520, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2012.03.004.
M. T. Boykoff and S. R. Rajan, “Signals and noise,” EMBO reports, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 207–211, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400924.
S. D. Reese, “Understanding the Global Journalist: a hierarchy-of-influences approach,” Journalism Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 173–187, May 2001, doi: 10.1080/14616700118394.
L. Peñaloza, “Ethnic marketing practice and research at the intersection of market and social development: A macro study of the past and present, with a look to the future,” Journal of Business Research, vol. 82, pp. 273–280, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.06.024.
W. Loosen, J. Reimer, and F. De Silva-Schmidt, “Data-driven reporting: An on-going (r)evolution? An analysis of projects nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2013–2016,” Journalism, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1246–1263, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1177/1464884917735691.
W. G. Biemans, A. Griffin, and R. K. Moenaert, “Perspective: New Service Development: How the Field Developed, Its Current Status and Recommendations for Moving the Field Forward,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 382–397, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1111/jpim.12283.
P. Dahlgren, “The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation,” Political Communication, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 147–162, Apr. 2005, doi: 10.1080/10584600590933160.
L. Fortunati et al., “The Influence of the Internet on European Journalism,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 928–963, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01476.x.
K. Saltzis and R. Dickinson, “Inside the changing newsroom: journalists’ responses to media convergence,” Aslib Proceedings, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 216–228, May 2008, doi: 10.1108/00012530810879097.
U. M. Rodrigues and Y. Paradies, “News Consumption Habits of Culturally Diverse Australians in the Digital Era: Implications for Intercultural Relations,” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 38–51, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1080/17475759.2017.1411289.
A. Gulyas, S. O’Hara, and J. Eilenberg, “Experiencing Local News Online: Audience Practices and Perceptions,” Journalism Studies, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1846–1863, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1080/1461670x.2018.1539345.
D. Gómez-Zará and N. Diakopoulos, “Characterizing Communication Patterns between Audiences and Newsbots,” Digital Journalism, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1093–1113, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1080/21670811.2020.1816485.
H. Mawindi Mabweazara, “Charting Theoretical Directions for Examining African Journalism in the ‘Digital Era,’” Journalism Practice, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 106–122, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1080/17512786.2014.928469.
L. Guenther and M. Joubert, “Novel interfaces in science communication: Comparing journalistic and social media uptake of articles published by The Conversation Africa,” Public Understanding of Science, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1041–1057, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1177/09636625211019312.
A. A. Elega and B. E. Özad, “New media scholarship in Africa: an evaluation of Africa-focused blog related research from 2006 to 2016,” Quality & Quantity, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 2239–2254, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0659-4.
D. Fahy and M. C. Nisbet, “The science journalist online: Shifting roles and emerging practices,” Journalism, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 778–793, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1177/1464884911412697.
M.-L. Coolahan, “The Cultural Dynamics of Reception,” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 1–12, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1215/10829636-7986553.
Z. Tufekci and C. Wilson, “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square,” Journal of Communication, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 363–379, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x.
K. Aberbach, “Hardly a dying art: The flourishing of print news in literary journalism books,” 2007.
I. Geyskens, K. Gielens, and M. G. Dekimpe, “The Market Valuation of Internet Channel Additions,” Journal of Marketing, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 102–119, Apr. 2002, doi: 10.1509/jmkg.66.2.102.18478.
“Newly Vulnerable Markets in an Age of Pure Information Products: An Analysis of Online Music and Online News,” Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 17–41, Dec. 2002, doi: 10.1080/07421222.2002.11045738.
I. H. Sarker, “Machine Learning: Algorithms, Real-World Applications and Research Directions,” SN Computer Science, vol. 2, no. 3, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x.
A. Schmidt, A. Ivanova, and M. S. Schäfer, “Media attention for climate change around the world: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries,” Global Environmental Change, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1233–1248, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.020.
Y. K. Dwivedi et al., “Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on information management research and practice: Transforming education, work and life,” International Journal of Information Management, vol. 55, p. 102211, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102211.
F. Riggins and S. Dewan, “The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions,” Journal of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 6, No. 12, Pp. 298–337, Dec. 2005, Doi: 10.17705/1jais.00074.
T. Greenhalgh, G. Robert, F. Macfarlane, P. Bate, And O. Kyriakidou, “Diffusion Of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations,” The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 581–629, Dec. 2004, doi: 10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00325.x.
T. P. Bakker and C. H. de Vreese, “Good News for the Future? Young People, Internet Use, and Political Participation,” Communication Research, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 451–470, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1177/0093650210381738.
K. Z. Zhou, C. K. (Bennett) Yim, and D. K. Tse, “The Effects of Strategic Orientations on Technology- and Market-Based Breakthrough Innovations,” Journal of Marketing, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 42–60, Apr. 2005, doi: 10.1509/jmkg.69.2.42.60756.
C. Andrade, “The Inconvenient Truth About Convenience and Purposive Samples,” Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 86–88, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1177/0253717620977000.
S. LIVINGSTONE, “Media Literacy and the Challenge of New Information and Communication Technologies,” The Communication Review, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 3–14, Jan. 2004, doi: 10.1080/10714420490280152.
J. Cherian, “Emergence of Digital Publishing – A Great Challenge to The Print Publications,” Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 23, pp. 576–586, 2015, doi: 10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00361-5.
P. B. Brandtzæg, “Towards a unified Media-User Typology (MUT): A meta-analysis and review of the research literature on media-user typologies,” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 940–956, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.008.
S. Elo and H. Kyngäs, “The qualitative content analysis process,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 107–115, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x.
J. M. García-Vandewalle García, M. García-Carmona, J. M. Trujillo Torres, and P. Moya Fernández, “Analysis of digital competence of educators (DigCompEdu) in teacher trainees: the context of Melilla, Spain,” Technology, Knowledge and Learning, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 585–612, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10758-021-09546-x.
E. J. Gordon, J. C. Caicedo, D. P. Ladner, E. Reddy, and M. M. Abecassis, “Transplant Center Provision of Education and Culturally and Linguistically Competent Care: A National Study,” American Journal of Transplantation, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2701–2707, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03304.x.
elizabeth thoman and tessa jolls, “10. Media Literacy Education: Lessons from the Center for Media Literacy,” Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 180–205, Apr. 2005, doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7984.2005.00011.x.
W. J. Potter, “Review of Literature on Media Literacy,” Sociology Compass, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 417–435, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1111/soc4.12041.
L. Anthonysamy, A. C. Koo, and S. H. Hew, “Self-regulated learning strategies in higher education: Fostering digital literacy for sustainable lifelong learning,” Education and Information Technologies, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2393–2414, May 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10639-020-10201-8.
D. Bergemann and A. Bonatti, “Targeting in advertising markets: implications for offline versus online media,” The RAND Journal of Economics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 417–443, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1756-2171.2011.00143.x.
A. Colbert, N. Yee, and G. George, “The Digital Workforce and the Workplace of the Future,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 731–739, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.5465/amj.2016.4003.
R. B. Cooper and R. W. Zmud, “Information Technology Implementation Research: A Technological Diffusion Approach,” Management Science, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 123–139, Feb. 1990, doi: 10.1287/mnsc.36.2.123.
E. Wolf and J. A. L. Lemay, “A Calendar of American Poetry in the Colonial Newspapers and Magazines and in the Major English Magazines through 1765,” The New England Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 587, Dec. 1972, doi: 10.2307/364432.
R. Mascitelli, “From Experience: Harnessing Tacit Knowledge to Achieve Breakthrough Innovation,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 179–193, May 2000, doi: 10.1111/1540-5885.1730179.
O. Westlund and M. A. Färdigh, “Accessing the news in an age of mobile media: Tracing displacing and complementary effects of mobile news on newspapers and online news,” Mobile Media & Communication, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53–74, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1177/2050157914549039.
J. M. Gallaugher, P. Auger, and A. BarNir, “Revenue streams and digital content providers: an empirical investigation,” Information & Management, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 473–485, Aug. 2001, doi: 10.1016/s0378-7206(00)00083-5.
S. Firer and S. Mitchell Williams, “Intellectual capital and traditional measures of corporate performance,” Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 348–360, Sep. 2003, doi: 10.1108/14691930310487806.
D. W. Stewart and Q. Zhao, “Internet Marketing, Business Models, and Public Policy,” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 287–296, Sep. 2000, doi: 10.1509/jppm.19.2.287.17125.
V. García-Perdomo, “Re-Digitizing Television News: The Relationship between TV, Online Media and Audiences,” Digital Journalism, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 136–154, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1080/21670811.2020.1777179.
Q. Wang, P. Song, and X. Yang, “Understanding the substitution effect between online and traditional channels: evidence from product attributes perspective,” Electronic Markets, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 227–239, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s12525-012-0114-2.
L. Küng, “Does Media Management Matter? Establishing the Scope, Rationale, and Future Research Agenda for the Discipline,” Journal of Media Business Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 21–39, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1080/16522354.2007.11073444.
Abubakar et al., “The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move,” Lancet, vol. 392, no. 10164, pp. 2606–2654, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32114-7.
R. Braidotti, “Critical Posthuman Knowledges,” South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 83–96, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1215/00382876-3749337.
D. J. Teece, “Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation,” Long Range Planning, vol. 43, no. 2–3, pp. 172–194, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003.
K. Lee and S. Molitorisz, “The Australian News Media Bargaining Code: lessons for the UK, EU and beyond,” Journal of Media Law, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 36–53, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1080/17577632.2021.1963585.
C. González-Tosat and C. Sádaba-Chalezquer, “Digital Intermediaries: More than New Actors on a Crowded Media Stage,” Journalism and Media, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 77–99, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/journalmedia2010006.
T. Rexwhite Enakrire and O. G. Onyenania, “Causes Inhibiting the Growth or Development of Information Transfer in Africa: A Contextual Treatment,” Library Hi Tech News, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 20–28, May 2007, doi: 10.1108/07419050710778491.
E. Mambwe, “The use of new media in journalism and news dissemination in Zambia: The case of the internet,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://dspace.unza.zm/xmlui/handle/123456789/2723.
J. Bardoel and L. d’Haenens, “Media Meet the Citizen,” European Journal of Communication, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 165–194, Jun. 2004, doi: 10.1177/0267323104042909.
N. Afzalan, T. W. Sanchez, and J. Evans-Cowley, “Creating smarter cities: Considerations for selecting online participatory tools,” Cities, vol. 67, pp. 21–30, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2017.04.002.
M. M. Bühler et al., “Unlocking the Power of Digital Commons: Data Cooperatives as a Pathway for Data Sovereign, Innovative and Equitable Digital Communities,” Digital, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 146–171, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.3390/digital3030011.
CRediT Author Statement
The author reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Reviewers for taking the time and effort necessary to review the manuscript.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of data and materials
No data available for above study.
Author information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Pushpa Machani
Department of Entrepreneurship and HR, Siva Sivani Institute of Management, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500100, India.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this article
Pushpa Machani, “Exploring Demographic Factors Affecting the Interaction of Digital and Print Media”, Journal of Enterprise and Business Intelligence, vol.5, no.4, pp. 211-220, October 2025. doi: 10.53759/5181/JEBI202505021.
