Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprise a network of dispersed, carefully positioned sensor nodes in their deployment environment to monitor and collect data on natural phenomena. These sensor nodes collaborate to transmit data via multi-hop communication, ultimately reaching a central base station for processing. However, WSNs face significant challenges due to the resource-constrained nature of these devices and the harsh, open environments in which they operate. Addressing energy optimization and ensuring secure communication are primary concerns in the successful operation of WSNs. This paper introduces anovelTrust aware Neuro Fuzzy Clustering head selection (TNFCH) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering approach (AHC) with Secure Whale Optimization (SWO) Algorithm Routing to enhance energy-efficient transmission in WSNs. Our proposed protocol (TNFCH-AHWO) efficiently organizes nodes by utilizing neural network and Fuzzy logic then securely transfers the data into the communication network. We employ a Trust calculation algorithm in our system to ensure Trust and data integrity, facilitating efficient lightweight operations such as key generation, encryption, decryption, and verification. This ensures hop-to-hop authentication among the nodes in WSNs. To assess the performance of our proposed protocol, we conducted simulations using the NS3 simulator. The findings of the simulation show that the suggested protocol greatly enhances various performance metrics, including energy consumption analysis, throughput, network delay, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio when compared to existing protocols.
Keywords
Clustering, cluster head, Routing, Trust awareness, optimization, network energy efficiency.
F. Ren, J. Zhang, T. He, C. Lin, and S. K. D. Ren, “EBRP: Energy-Balanced Routing Protocol for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks,”
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 2108–2125, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1109/tpds.2011.40.
K. Wang, C.-M. Yu, and L.-C. Wang, “DORA: A Destination-Oriented Routing Algorithm for Energy-Balanced Wireless Sensor Networks,”
IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2080–2081, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1109/jiot.2020.3025039.
X. Liu, “Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 5372–
5383, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1109/jsen.2015.2445796.
A. Ahmed, K. A. Bakar, M. I. Channa, K. Haseeb, and A. W. Khan, “TERP: A Trust and Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Network,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 6962–6972, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1109/jsen.2015.2468576.
M. Adil, R. Khan, J. Ali, B.-H. Roh, Q. T. H. Ta, and M. A. Almaiah, “An Energy Proficient Load Balancing Routing Scheme for Wireless
Sensor Networks to Maximize Their Lifespan in an Operational Environment,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 163209–163224, 2020, doi:
10.1109/access.2020.3020310.
H.-H. Liu, J.-J. Su, and C.-F. Chou, “On Energy-Efficient Straight-Line Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Systems Journal,
vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2374–2382, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/jsyst.2015.2448714.
Y. Yao, D. Xie, Y. Li, C. Wang, and Y. Li, “Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Archimedes Optimization Algorithm,”
IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 15561–15573, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1109/jsen.2022.3186063.
N. Ma, H. Zhang, H. Hu, and Y. Qin, “ESCVAD: An Energy-Saving Routing Protocol Based on Voronoi Adaptive Clustering for Wireless
Sensor Networks,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 9071–9085, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1109/jiot.2021.3120744.
M. Abo-Zahhad, S. M. Ahmed, N. Sabor, and S. Sasaki, “Mobile Sink-Based Adaptive Immune Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol for
Improving the Lifetime and Stability Period of Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 4576–4586, Aug. 2015, doi:
10.1109/jsen.2015.2424296.
Y. Xu, W. Jiao, and M. Tian, “An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for 3D Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 17,
pp. 19550–19559, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3086806.
N. A. Pantazis, S. A. Nikolidakis, and D. D. Vergados, “Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,” IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 551–591, 2013, doi: 10.1109/surv.2012.062612.00084.
Z. Han, J. Wu, J. Zhang, L. Liu, and K. Tian, “A General Self-Organized Tree-Based Energy-Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Network,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 732–740, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1109/tns.2014.2309351.
S. Durairaj and R. Sridhar, “Task scheduling to a virtual machine using a multi‐objective mayfly approach for a cloud environment,”
Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, vol. 34, no. 24, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1002/cpe.7236.
T. Zhang, G. Chen, Q. Zeng, G. Song, C. Li, and H. Duan, “Routing Clustering Protocol for 3D Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fragile
Collection Ant Colony Algorithm,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 58874–58888, 2020, doi: 10.1109/access.2020.2982691.
S. Sahil Babu, A. Raha, and M. Kanti Naskar, “Trustworthy Route formation Algorithm for WSNs,” International Journal of Computer
Applications, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 35–39, Aug. 2011, doi: 10.5120/3294-4497.
G. Dhand and S. S. Tyagi, “SMEER: Secure Multi-tier Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks,” Wireless
Personal Communications, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 17–35, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11277-018-6101-y.
G. Zhan, W. Shi, and J. Deng, “Design and Implementation of TARF: A Trust-Aware Routing Framework for WSNs,” IEEE Transactions on
Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 184–197, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1109/tdsc.2011.58.
S. S. Desai and M. J. Nene, “Node-Level Trust Evaluation in Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and
Security, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 2139–2152, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/tifs.2019.2894027.
S. Karthick, “TDP: A Novel Secure and Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Journal of Intelligent
Engineering and Systems, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 76–84, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.22266/ijies2018.0430.09.
R. Sankaranarayanan, K. S. Umadevi, N. Bhavani, B. M. Jos, A. Haldorai, and D. V. Babu, “Cluster-based attacks prevention algorithm for
autonomous vehicles using machine learning algorithms,” Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 101, p. 108088, Jul. 2022, doi:
10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108088.
K. S. Rekha, N. Venugopal, and D. Selvam, “Resource Management in Ambient Network using Network Processor,” International Journal of
Computer Applications, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 122–130, Feb. 2010, doi: 10.5120/332-503.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to the reviewers for nice comments on the manuscript.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of data and materials
No data available for above study.
Author information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Sasikumar M S S
Sasikumar M S S
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Vallam, Thanjavur, India.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this article
Sasikumar M S S and Narayanan A E, “Trust Aware Nero Fuzzy Based Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering with Secure Whale Optimization Routing for Enhancing Energy Efficiency in WSN”, Journal of Machine and Computing, pp. 138-152, January 2024. doi: 10.53759/7669/jmc202404014.
