Journal of Machine and Computing


Weight Optimization for missing data prediction of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Remote sensing Analysis



Journal of Machine and Computing

Received On : 15 May 2023

Revised On : 17 October 2023

Accepted On : 08 January 2024

Published On : 05 April 2024

Volume 04, Issue 02

Pages : 450-462


Abstract


To keep track of changes to the Earth's surface, extensive time series of data from remote sensing using image processing is required. This research is motivated by the effectiveness of computational modelling techniques; however, the problem of missing data is multifaceted. When data at numerous a-periodic timestamps are absent during multi-temporal analysis, the issue becomes increasingly problematic. To make remote sensing time series analysis easier, weight optimised machine learning is used in this study to rebuild lost data. Keeping the causality restriction in mind, this method makes use of data from previous and subsequent timestamps. The architecture is based on an ensemble of numerous forecasting modules, built on the observed data in the time-series order. Dummy data is used to connect the forecasting modules, which were previously linked by the earlier half of the sequence. After that, iterative improvements are made to the dummy data to make it better fit the next segment of the sequence. On the basis of Landsat-7 TM-5 satellite imagery, the work has been proven to be accurate in forecasting missing images in normalised difference vegetation index time series. In a performance evaluation, the proposed forecasting model was shown to be effective.


Keywords


Missing Data; Weight Optimization; Machine Learning; Spatial-temporal analysis; Landslide Susceptibility Mapping; Image Processing.


  1. Y. Cheng, K. Zhou, J. Wang, and J. Yan, “Big Earth Observation Data Integration in Remote Sensing Based on a Distributed Spatial Framework,” Remote Sensing, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 972, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/rs12060972.
  2. A. Sharma, K. Singh, and D. Koundal, “A novel fusion based convolutional neural network approach for classification of COVID-19 from chest X-ray images,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 77, p. 103778, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103778.
  3. A. G. Dekker et al., “Intercomparison of shallow water bathymetry, hydro‐optics, and benthos mapping techniques in Australian and Caribbean coastal environments,” Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 396–425, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.4319/lom.2011.9.396.
  4. L. Jiao, W. Sun, G. Yang, G. Ren, and Y. Liu, “A Hierarchical Classification Framework of Satellite Multispectral/Hyperspectral Images for Mapping Coastal Wetlands,” Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 19, p. 2238, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3390/rs11192238.
  5. S. Khanna, M. Santos, S. Ustin, K. Shapiro, P. Haverkamp, and M. Lay, “Comparing the Potential of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data for Monitoring Oil Spill Impact,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 558, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18020558.
  6. S. Kaur, S. Gupta, S. Singh, D. Koundal, and A. Zaguia, “Convolutional neural network based hurricane damage detection using satellite images,” Soft Computing, vol. 26, no. 16, pp. 7831–7845, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00500-022-06805-6.
  7. J. Schindelin, C. T. Rueden, M. C. Hiner, and K. W. Eliceiri, “The ImageJ ecosystem: An open platform for biomedical image analysis,” Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 82, no. 7–8, pp. 518–529, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1002/mrd.22489.
  8. D. A. Stow et al., “Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosystems,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 281–308, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.018.
  9. G. P. Asner, “Cloud cover in Landsat observations of the Brazilian Amazon,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 22, no. 18, pp. 3855–3862, Jan. 2001, doi: 10.1080/01431160010006926.
  10. G. Hmimina et al., “Evaluation of the potential of MODIS satellite data to predict vegetation phenology in different biomes: An investigation using ground-based NDVI measurements,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 132, pp. 145–158, May 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.010.
  11. I. Garonna, R. de Jong, and M. E. Schaepman, “Variability and evolution of global land surface phenology over the past three decades (1982–2012),” Global Change Biology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1456–1468, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1111/gcb.13168.
  12. M. A. WHITE et al., “Intercomparison, interpretation, and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982–2006,” Global Change Biology, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 2335–2359, Sep. 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01910.x.
  13. J. v. Buttlar, J. Zscheischler, and M. D. Mahecha, “An extended approach for spatiotemporal gapfilling: dealing with large and systematic gaps in geoscientific datasets,” Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 203–215, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.5194/npg-21-203-2014.
  14. M. K. Goyal, A. Sharma, and R. Y. Surampalli, “Remote Sensing andGISApplications in Sustainability,” Sustainability, pp. 605–626, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1002/9781119434016.ch28.
  15. J. E. Patino and J. C. Duque, “A review of regional science applications of satellite remote sensing in urban settings,” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol. 37, pp. 1–17, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.06.003.
  16. M. He, Y. Hu, N. Chen, D. Wang, J. Huang, and K. Stamnes, “High cloud coverage over melted areas dominates the impact of clouds on the albedo feedback in the Arctic,” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44155-w.
  17. R. E. Wolfe, D. P. Roy, and E. Vermote, “MODIS land data storage, gridding, and compositing methodology: Level 2 grid,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1324–1338, Jul. 1998, doi: 10.1109/36.701082.
  18. K. Wang, S. E. Franklin, X. Guo, and M. Cattet, “Remote Sensing of Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation: A Review from the Perspective of Remote Sensing Specialists,” Sensors, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 9647–9667, Nov. 2010, doi: 10.3390/s101109647.
  19. T. J. Schmugge, W. P. Kustas, J. C. Ritchie, T. J. Jackson, and A. Rango, “Remote sensing in hydrology,” Advances in Water Resources, vol. 25, no. 8–12, pp. 1367–1385, Aug. 2002, doi: 10.1016/s0309-1708(02)00065-9.
  20. C. J. Tomlinson, L. Chapman, J. E. Thornes, and C. Baker, “Remote sensing land surface temperature for meteorology and climatology: a review,” Meteorological Applications, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 296–306, Aug. 2011, doi: 10.1002/met.287.
  21. R. P. Gupta, “Remote Sensing Geology,” Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2017.
  22. Shirzadi, A.; Soliamani, K.; Habibnejhad, M.; Kavian, A.; Chapi, K.; Shahabi, H.; Chen, W.; Khosravi, K.; Pham, B.T. Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping. Sensors 2018, 18, 3777.
  23. N. Xu, “The Application of Deep Learning in Image Processing is Studied Based on the Reel Neural Network Model,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1881, no. 3, p. 032096, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1881/3/032096.
  24. I. Leifer et al., “State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: Application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 124, pp. 185–209, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.024.
  25. Z. Chen, B. Cong, Z. Hua, K. Cengiz, and M. Shabaz, “Application of clustering algorithm in complex landscape farmland synthetic aperture radar image segmentation,” Journal of Intelligent Systems, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1014–1025, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1515/jisys-2021-0096.
  26. M. Lauer and S. Aswani, “Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and multi-spectral image classification for marine habitat mapping in Oceania,” Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 495–504, Jan. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.04.006.
  27. E. Adam, O. Mutanga, J. Odindi, and E. M. Abdel-Rahman, “Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 3440–3458, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1080/01431161.2014.903435.
  28. S. L. Bangare, G. Pradeepini, and S. T. Patil, “Neuroendoscopy Adapter Module Development for Better Brain Tumor Image Visualization,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 7, no. 6, p. 3643, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3643-3654.
  29. B. Chen, B. Huang, L. Chen, and B. Xu, “Spatially and Temporally Weighted Regression: A Novel Method to Produce Continuous Cloud-Free Landsat Imagery,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 27–37, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1109/tgrs.2016.2580576.
  30. S. K. Padhee and S. Dutta, “Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction of MODIS NDVI by Regional Land Surface Phenology and Harmonic Analysis of Time-Series,” GIScience & Remote Sensing, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1261–1288, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1080/15481603.2019.1646977.
  31. P. Rani, R. Kumar, and A. Jain, “Multistage Model for Accurate Prediction of Missing Values Using Imputation Methods in Heart Disease Dataset,” Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, pp. 637–653, 2021, doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9651-3_53.
  32. A. Elhassan, S. M. Abu-Soud, F. Alghanim, and W. Salameh, “ILA4: Overcoming missing values in machine learning datasets – An inductive learning approach,” Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 4284–4295, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.02.011.
  33. E. Adam, O. Mutanga, J. Odindi, and E. M. Abdel-Rahman, “Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 3440–3458, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1080/01431161.2014.903435.
  34. A. Singh, S. Kushwaha, M. Alarfaj, and M. Singh, “Comprehensive Overview of Backpropagation Algorithm for Digital Image Denoising,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1590, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/electronics11101590.
  35. D. J. Park, M. W. Park, H. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, Y. Kim, and Y. H. Park, “Development of machine learning model for diagnostic disease prediction based on laboratory tests,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87171-5.
  36. L. Zhu, G. Wang, F. Huang, Y. Li, W. Chen, and H. Hong, “Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using Sparse Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Models Based on GIS and Remote Sensing,” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 19, pp. 1–5, 2022, doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2021.3054029.
  37. R. Sedona, G. Cavallaro, J. Jitsev, A. Strube, M. Riedel, and J. Benediktsson, “Remote Sensing Big Data Classification with High Performance Distributed Deep Learning,” Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 24, p. 3056, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.3390/rs11243056.
  38. M. Gangappa, C. Kiran, and P. Sammulal, “Techniques for Machine Learning based Spatial Data Analysis: Research Directions,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 170, no. 1, pp. 9–13, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.5120/ijca2017914643.
  39. J. N. Goetz, A. Brenning, H. Petschko, and P. Leopold, “Evaluating machine learning and statistical prediction techniques for landslide susceptibility modeling,” Computers & Geosciences, vol. 81, pp. 1–11, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2015.04.007.
  40. A. M. Youssef, H. R. Pourghasemi, Z. S. Pourtaghi, and M. M. Al-Katheeri, “Erratum to: Landslide susceptibility mapping using random forest, boosted regression tree, classification and regression tree, and general linear models and comparison of their performance at Wadi Tayyah Basin, Asir Region, Saudi Arabia,” Landslides, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1315–1318, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10346-015-0667-1.
  41. H. Wang, A. Sharma, and M. Shabaz, “Research on digital media animation control technology based on recurrent neural network using speech technology,” International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, vol. 13, no. S1, pp. 564–575, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13198-021-01540-x.
  42. A. Mehbodniya, J. L. Webber, M. Shabaz, H. Mohafez, and K. Yadav, “RETRACTED ARTICLE: Machine Learning Technique to Detect Sybil Attack on IoT Based Sensor Network,” IETE Journal of Research, vol. 69, no. 10, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1080/03772063.2021.2000509.
  43. B. James and B. Yoshua, “Random Search for Hyper-Parameter Optimization,” J. Mach. Learn. Res. 13 (1) (2012) 281305.
  44. A. Moubayed, M. Injadat, A. Shami, and H. Lutfiyya, “DNS Typo-Squatting Domain Detection: A Data Analytics & Machine Learning Based Approach,” 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1109/glocom.2018.8647679.
  45. C. Gambella, B. Ghaddar, and J. Naoum-Sawaya, “Optimization problems for machine learning: A survey,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 290, no. 3, pp. 807–828, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.08.045.
  46. J. M. Keller, M. R. Gray, and J. A. Givens, “A fuzzy K-nearest neighbor algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. SMC-15, no. 4, pp. 580–585, Jul. 1985, doi: 10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426.
  47. W. Zuo, D. Zhang, and K. Wang, “On kernel difference-weighted k-nearest neighbor classification,” Pattern Analysis and Applications, vol. 11, no. 3–4, pp. 247–257, Jan. 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10044-007-0100-z.
  48. “USGS EarthExplorer: Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center,” 2014. [Online]. Available: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/data_access/usgs_earthexplorer
  49. “ERDAS IMAGINE: Hexagon Geospatial,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.hexagongeospatial.com/products/remote-sensing/erdasimagine/overview

Acknowledgements


The authors would like to thank to the reviewers for nice comments on the manuscript.


Funding


No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.


Ethics declarations


Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.


Availability of data and materials


Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.


Author information


Contributions

All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.


Corresponding author


Rights and permissions


Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/


Cite this article


Kanchana S, Jayakarthik R, Dineshbabu V, Saranya M, Srikanth Mylapalli and Rajesh Kumar T, “Weight Optimization for missing data prediction of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Remote sensing Analysis", pp. 450-462, April 2024. doi: 10.53759/7669/jmc202404043.


Copyright


© 2024 Kanchana S, Jayakarthik R, Dineshbabu V, Saranya M, Srikanth Mylapalli and Rajesh Kumar T. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.