Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provides various benefits in commercial and emergency response applications that pose unique challenges. The intrinsic mobility often changes the UAVs network topology, which results in packet losses and routing path failures. This dynamic nature increases its demand for robust solutions to maintain stable communication and secured routing protocols to ensure reliable communication. A new mechanism called SafeRoute has been designed to provide a secure and reliable routing solution in flying ad hoc networks. The objective of SafeRoute is to efficiently exchange data in a reliable manner. The proposed technique is an efficient hybrid approach encompassing the Firefly and Dragonfly Optimization Algorithms. The Firefly Algorithm works on the principles of the flashes of fireflies, in the formation of clusters and selection of the optimal cluster head. The Dragonfly Optimization Algorithm works by optimum path selection and imitates the static and dynamic swarming behaviors of dragonflies. Initial simulations and field tests reflects a major improvement in the stability and security of networks. The packet delivery ratio increased by 25%, and routing path failures decreased by 30% compared to existing protocols. Also decreased the vulnerability of common network attacks like Sybil and wormhole attacks by 40%. These observations have firmly established the potency of SafeRoute in enhancing the reliability and security of UAV communication in dynamic, high-mobility environments.
X. Tan, Z. Zuo, S. Su, X. Guo, and X. Sun, “Research of Security Routing Protocol for UAV Communication Network Based on AODV,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 1185, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9081185.
S. Jobaer, Y. Zhang, M. A. Iqbal Hussain, and F. Ahmed, “UAV-Assisted Hybrid Scheme for Urban Road Safety Based on VANETs,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 1499, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9091499.
J. S. Raj, “A Novel Hybrid Secure Routing for Flying Ad-hoc Networks,” September 2020, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 155–164, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.36548/jtcsst.2020.3.005.
N. Mansoor, Md. I. Hossain, A. Rozario, M. Zareei, and A. R. Arreola, “A Fresh Look at Routing Protocols in Unmanned Aerial Vehicular Networks: A Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 66289–66308, 2023, doi: 10.1109/access.2023.3290871.
A. Rovira-Sugranes, A. Razi, F. Afghah, and J. Chakareski, “A review of AI-enabled routing protocols for UAV networks: Trends, challenges, and future outlook,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 130, p. 102790, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.102790.
H. Luo, Y. Wu, G. Sun, H. Yu, and M. Guizani, “ESCM: An Efficient and Secure Communication Mechanism for UAV Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 3124–3139, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1109/tnsm.2024.3357824.
S. Priyadharshini. and P. Balamurugan, “Empirical Analysis of Packet-loss and Content Modification based detection to secure Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs),” 2023 International Conference on Networking and Communications (ICNWC), vol. 12, pp. 1–8, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1109/icnwc57852.2023.10127499.
V. Bhardwaj and N. Kaur, “SEEDRP: a Secure Energy Efficient Dynamic Routing Protocol in Fanets,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 1251–1277, May 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11277-021-08513-0.
S. Ullah et al., “Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks,” Drones, vol. 6, no. 11, p. 327, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/drones6110327.
H. Fatemidokht, M. K. Rafsanjani, B. B. Gupta, and C.-H. Hsu, “Efficient and Secure Routing Protocol Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithms With UAV-Assisted for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in Intelligent Transportation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 4757–4769, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1109/tits.2020.3041746.
M. Hosseinzadeh et al., “A novel fuzzy trust-based secure routing scheme in flying ad hoc networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 44, p. 100665, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100665.
H. Gao, C. Liu, Y. Li, and X. Yang, “V2VR: Reliable Hybrid-Network-Oriented V2V Data Transmission and Routing Considering RSUs and Connectivity Probability,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 3533–3546, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/tits.2020.2983835.
I. U. Khan, S. B. H. Shah, L. Wang, M. A. Aziz, T. Stephan, and N. Kumar, “Routing protocols & unmanned aerial vehicles autonomous localization in flying networks,” International Journal of Communication Systems, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1002/dac.4885.
B. Sharma, M. S. Obaidat, V. Sharma, and K. Hsiao, “Routing and collision avoidance techniques for unmanned aerial vehicles: Analysis, optimal solutions, and future directions,” International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 33, no. 18, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1002/dac.4628.
G. Raja, S. Anbalagan, A. Ganapathisubramaniyan, M. S. Selvakumar, A. K. Bashir, and S. Mumtaz, “Efficient and Secured Swarm Pattern Multi-UAV Communication,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 7050–7058, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1109/tvt.2021.3082308.
Haldorai, B. L. R, S. Murugan, and M. Balakrishnan, “Harnessing Intelligent AI to Elevate Business Modeling: A Perspective,” EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing, pp. 429–440, 2024, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-53972-5_22.
R. Fotohi, E. Nazemi, and F. Shams Aliee, “An agent-based self-protective method to secure communication between UAVs in unmanned aerial vehicle networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 26, p. 100267, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2020.100267.
O. T. Abdulhae, J. S. Mandeep, and M. Islam, “Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs),” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 32981–33004, 2022, doi: 10.1109/access.2022.3161446.
K. N. Qureshi, A. Alhudhaif, A. A. Shah, S. Majeed, and G. Jeon, “Trust and priority-based drone assisted routing and mobility and service-oriented solution for the internet of vehicles networks,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 59, p. 102864, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102864.
Q. Usman, O. Chughtai, N. Nawaz, Z. Kaleem, K. A. Khaliq, and L. D. Nguyen, “A Reliable Link-Adaptive Position-Based Routing Protocol for Flying ad hoc Network,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1801–1820, May 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11036-021-01758-w.
V. patki et al., “Improving the geo-drone-based route for effective communication and connection stability improvement in the emergency area ad-hoc network,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 53, p. 102558, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102558.
E. A. Tuli, M. Golam, D.-S. Kim, and J.-M. Lee, “Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET,” Drones, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 22, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/drones6010022.
M. A. Khan et al., “An Efficient and Secure Certificate-Based Access Control and Key Agreement Scheme for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 4839–4851, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/tvt.2021.3055895.
A. M. Rahmani et al., “OLSR+: A new routing method based on fuzzy logic in flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs),” Vehicular Communications, vol. 36, p. 100489, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100489.
M. Faraji-Biregani and R. Fotohi, “Secure communication between UAVs using a method based on smart agents in unmanned aerial vehicles,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 5076–5103, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11227-020-03462-0.
Acknowledgements
Author(s) thanks to Dr.Balamurugan P for this research completion and support.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the
content of
this article.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or
analysed in
this study.
Author information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and
agreed to
the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Priyadharshini SP
Priyadharshini SP
Department of Networking and Communications, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution
NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially
or
non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no
derivatives of the
original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this article
Priyadharshini S P and Balamurugan P, “SafeRoute: An Effective Hybrid Routing Mechanism for Enhanced Security and Reliability in UAV
Networks”, Journal of Machine and Computing, pp. 918-930, October 2024. doi:10.53759/7669/jmc202404085.
