All system units in flying UAV like transmitter, receiver equipment, control unit, information processing unit and payloads are powered by in build power sources. UAVs equipped with the limited on-board energy capability restrict the flying time, which will significantly affect the performance of a FANETs. Optimizing the energy consumption among nodes is one of the important research challenges. Optimization techniques for energy usage can be implemented at different OSI layer level. In our study we focused on OSI networks layers solution for performance improvements based on energy efficient routing techniques in flying ad hoc network environments. Routing algorithm that is used in MANETs applications can be optimized and used in FANETS as in both networks majority of the operational characteristics similar. But Few characteristics in FANETs like distance coverage, node mobility velocity, capacity and types of power supply used differentiate from other mobiles networks (VANETs,MANETs). During first phase of our work we evaluated the performance of classical routing protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV in FANETs using energy metrics. Result in first phase revel that AODV performance is superior to other protocols in FANETs. In second phase we designed EEAODV protocols which use energy metrics in addition to hop count for path optimization. Finally details performance comparison study between EEAODV and AODV performed, the result shows that EEAODV performance is much better that AODV. For our performance evaluation we used NS-3 simulator and random waypoint mobility models.
Keywords
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Mobile Ad-Hoc Network, Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Protocols, Dynamic Source Routing Protocols, Destination Sequence, Distance Vector Protocols.
X. Tan, Z. Zuo, S. Su, X. Guo, X. Sun, and D. Jiang, “Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols for UAV Communication Networks,” IEEE Access, pp. 1–1, 2020, doi: 10.1109/access.2020.2995040.
V. Bhardwaj and N. Kaur, “SEEDRP: a Secure Energy Efficient Dynamic Routing Protocol in Fanets,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 1251–1277, May 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11277-021-08513-0.
S. Bharany, S. Sharma, S. Bhatia, M. K. I. Rahmani, M. Shuaib, and S. A. Lashari, “Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS Using Moth Flame Optimization,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 6159, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14106159.
M. Namdev, S. Goyal, and R. Agrawal, “IHBO_CA: an improved honey-badger optimization-based communication approach for energy-efficient deployment of secure flying ad-hoc network (FANET),” Soft Computing, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 4151–4170, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00500-023-09498-7.
M. Usha, J. Sathiamoorthy, A. Ahilan, and T. Mahalingam, “SWEEPER: Secure Waterfall Energy-Efficient Protocol-Enabled Routing in FANET,” IETE Journal of Research, pp. 1–15, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1080/03772063.2023.2261884.
O. K. Sahingoz, “Mobile networking with UAVs: Opportunities and challenges,” 2013 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), May 2013, doi: 10.1109/icuas.2013.6564779.
J. Broch, D. A. Maltz, D. B. Johnson, Y.-C. Hu, and J. Jetcheva, “A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols,” Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Oct. 1998, doi: 10.1145/288235.288256.
W. Navidi and T. Camp, “Stationary distributions for the random waypoint mobility model,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 99–108, Jan. 2004, doi: 10.1109/tmc.2004.1261820.
T. Camp, J. Boleng, and V. Davies, “A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 483–502, Aug. 2002, doi: 10.1002/wcm.72.
D. B. Johnson, "Validation of wireless and mobile network models and simulation," proceedings of the DARPA/NIST Workshop on Validation of Large- Scale Network Models and Simulation, 1999.
B. Uragun, “Energy Efficiency for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” 2011 10th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications and Workshops, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1109/icmla.2011.159.
R. Ramanathan and J. Redi, “A brief overview of ad hoc networks: challenges and directions,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 20–22, May 2002, doi: 10.1109/mcom.2002.1006968.
İ. Bekmezci, O. K. Sahingoz, and Ş. Temel, “Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs): A survey,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1254–1270, May 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.12.004.
Jin-Man Kim and Jong-Wook Jang, “AODV based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Maximum Lifetime in MANET,” Advanced Int’l Conference on Telecommunications and Int’l Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (AICT-ICIW’06), 2006, doi: 10.1109/aict-iciw.2006.49.
T. H. Tie, C. E. Tan, and S. P. Lau, “Alternate link maximum energy level Ad Hoc Distance vector scheme for energy efficient Ad Hoc Networks routing,” International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE’10), May 2010, doi: 10.1109/iccce.2010.5556750.
J. Tian, Y. Wang, and J. Lv, “Researching on AODV and PS-AODV Routing Protocols of Ad Hoc Network for Streaming Media,” Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling, 2012, doi: 10.2991/iccasm.2012.46.
W., “E2AODV Protocol for Load Balancing in Ad-Hoc Networks,” Journal of Computer Science, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1198–1204, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.3844/jcssp.2012.1198.1204.
A. V.Biradar and S. R. Tandle, “Detailed Performance Analysis of Energy based AODV Protocol in Comparison with Conventional AODV, and DSDV Protocols in MANET,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 49–58, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.5120/7667-0785.
.J. Clapper, J. Young, J. Cartwright, J. Grimes, “ Unmanned Systems Roadmap 2007–2032”, Tech. rep., Dept. of Defense, 2007.
K. Sangaiah, A. Javadpour, C.-C. Hsu, A. Haldorai, and A. Zeynivand, “Investigating Routing in the VANET Network: Review and Classification of Approaches,” Algorithms, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 381, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/a16080381.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Reviewers for taking the time and effort necessary to review the manuscript.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
Author information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Mariyappan K
Mariyappan K
Department of Computer Sceience Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this article
Mariyappan K, Satish Kumar R, Rajesh Sharma R and Archana Sasi, “Energy Efficient AODV routing protocols for FANETs”, Journal of Machine and Computing, pp. 683-692, July 2024. doi: 10.53759/7669/jmc202404065.
