Journal of Machine and Computing


An Insight on Optimization Techniques for Uncertain and Reliable Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks



Journal of Machine and Computing

Received On : 22 September 2022

Revised On : 15 January 2023

Accepted On : 12 February 2023

Published On : 05 April 2023

Volume 03, Issue 02

Pages : 126-143


Abstract


In recent times, Wireless Body Area Networks a subsection of Wireless Sensor Network is a promising technology for future healthcare realm with cutting-edge technologies that can assist healthcare professionals like doctors, nurses and biomedical engineers. Machine Learning and Internet of Things enabled medical big data is the future of healthcare sector and Medical Technology-based industries leading to applications in other sectors such as fitness tracking for commercial purposes, Sportsperson health monitoring to track their day-to-day activities and wearable devices for critical and emergency care. This comprehensive review article addresses Wireless Body Area Network state-of-art and the dependence of Optimization Techniques and Meta-heuristic Algorithms for an efficient routing path between two sensor nodes: source node and destination node and it plays an effective role in optimizing the network parameters such as radio range, energy consumption, throughput, data aggregation, clustering and routing. Designing of energy-efficient routing for wireless body are network is such a challenging task due to uncertainty in dynamic network topology, energy constraints and limited power consumption. Optimization Techniques can help the researchers to achieve the drawbacks mentioned above and energy-efficiency of the network can be improved. In this article, we focus majorly on the efficiency of usage of optimization algorithms for Wireless Body Area Network routing mechanisms and a summary of its earlier studies during 2012-2023 epoch. Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony and Firefly Optimization algorithms were discussed on achieving local optima for better results through optimization. This article provides an insight into existing gaps and further modifications to the researchers in WBAN that can motivate them to propose new ideas for reliable solutions. Performance comparison and evaluation of different bio-inspired optimization algorithms has been discussed for further improvement in optimized routing algorithms.


Keywords


Wireless Body Area Network, Wireless Sensor Network, Optimization Techniques, Meta-Heuristic Algorithms


  1. M. Alam and E. Hamida, "Surveying WearableHuman Assistive Technology for Life and Safety Critical Applications: Standards, Challenges and Opportunities", Sensors, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 9153-9209, 2014.
  2. S. Al-Janabi, I. Al-Shourbaji, M. Shojafar and S. Shamshirband, "Survey of main challenges (security and privacy) in wireless body area networks for healthcare applications", Egyptian Informatics Journal, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 113-122, 2017.
  3. V. Bhanumathi and C. Sangeetha, "A guide for the selection of routing protocols in WBAN for healthcare applications", Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, 2017.
  4. M. Geetha and R. Ganesan, "CEPRAN-Cooperative Energy Efficient and Priority Based Reliable Routing Protocol with Network Coding for WBAN", Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 3153-3171, 2020.
  5. M. Ghamari, B. Janko, R. Sherratt, W. Harwin, R. Piechockic and C. Soltanpur, "A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in Residential Environments", Sensors, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 831, 2016.
  6. K. Hasan, K. Biswas, K. Ahmed, N. Nafi and M. Islam, "A comprehensive review of wireless body area network", Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 143, pp. 178-198, 2019.
  7. T. Hayajneh, G. Almashaqbeh, S. Ullah and A. Vasilakos, "A survey of wireless technologies coexistence in WBAN: analysis and open research issues", Wireless Networks, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 2165-2199, 2014.
  8. P. Pramanik, A. Nayyar and G. Pareek, "WBAN: Driving e-healthcare Beyond Telemedicine to Remote Health Monitoring", Telemedicine Technologies, pp. 89-119, 2019.
  9. Y. Qu, G. Zheng, H. Ma, X. Wang, B. Ji and H. Wu, "A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications", Sensors, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 1638, 2019.
  10. R. Singla, N. Kaur, D. Koundal and A. Bharadwaj, “Challenges and Developments in Secure Routing Protocols for Healthcare in WBAN: A Comparative Analysis”. Wireless Personal Communication, vol.122, pp.1767–1806, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08969-0
  11. M. Yaghoubi, K. Ahmed, and Y. Miao, “Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN): A Survey on Architecture, Technologies, Energy Consumption, and Security Challenges,” Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 67, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/jsan11040067
  12. N. Gunantara and I. Nurweda Putra, "The Characteristics of Metaheuristic Method in Selection of Path Pairs on Multicriteria Ad Hoc Networks", Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, vol. 2019, pp. 1-6, 2019.
  13. O. Niyomubyeyi, T. Sicuaio, J. Díaz González, P. Pilesjö and A. Mansourian, "A Comparative Study of Four Metaheuristic Algorithms, AMOSA, MOABC, MSPSO, and NSGA-II for Evacuation Planning", Algorithms, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 16, 2020.
  14. R. K. Mohanty, S. P. Sahoo, and M. R. Kabat, “Sustainable remote patient monitoring in wireless body area network with Multi-hop routing and scheduling: a four-fold objective based optimization approach”, Wireless Networks (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03276-x
  15. C. V. Subbaiah and K. Govinda, "Implementing routing protocol for energy-aware mobile Ad Hoc networks for WBAN-based healthcare systems", Soft Computing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-07975-7.
  16. M. Y. Arafat, S. Pan and E. Bak, "Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering and Routing for Wearable IoT Enabled Wireless Body Area Networks," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 5047-5061, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3236403.
  17. B. Rana, Y. Singh, P. K. Singh, K. Z. Ghafoor, and S. Shrestha, “A hybrid approach for energy-efficient routing in IoT using duty cycling and improved ant colony”, IET Communications, pp.1– 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12539
  18. Abirami.S.K and J.Keerthika. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
  19. X. Liu, "Routing Protocols Based on Ant Colony Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 26303-26317, 2017.
  20. S. Yu, S. Yang and S. Su, "Self-Adaptive Step Firefly Algorithm", Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 2013, pp. 1-8, 2013.
  21. T. Zhi and Z. Hui, "An Improved Ant Colony Routing Algorithm for WSNs", Journal of Sensors, vol. 2015, pp. 1-4, 2015.
  22. Hojjatollah Esmaeili, Behrouz Minaei Bidgoli, "EMRP: Evolutionary-based multi-hop routing protocol for wireless body area networks", AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol.93, pp. 63-74, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.06.003.
  23. N. Kaur and S. Singh, "Optimized cost effective and energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks", Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 61, pp. 65-84, 2017.
  24. M. Panhwar et al., "Energy-efficient routing optimization algorithm in WBANs for patient monitoring", Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 8069-8081, 2020.
  25. N. Bilandi, H. Verma and R. Dhir, "PSOBAN: a novel particle swarm optimization-based protocol for wireless body area networks", SN Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 11, 2019.
  26. N. Bilandi, H.K. Verma and R. Dhir, "hPSO-SA: hybrid particle swarm optimization-simulated annealing algorithm for relay node selection in wireless body area networks", Applied Intelligence, vol. 51, pp.1410–1438, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01834-w
  27. G. Ali and S. Murtaza, "Routing Optimization in WBAN using Bees Algorithm for Overcrowded Hajj Environment", International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 9, no. 5, 2018.
  28. Gregory Wang and David Steeg, “Open Source Network Optimization Tools for Edge Intelligence", vol.2, no.2, pp. 055-065, April 2022. doi: 10.53759/181X/JCNS202202009.
  29. J. Yan, Y. Peng, D. Shen, X. Yan and Q. Deng, "An Artificial Bee Colony-Based Green Routing Mechanism in WBANs for Sensor-Based E-Healthcare Systems", Sensors, vol. 18, no. 10, p. 3268, 2018.
  30. A. P. Singh, A. K. Luhach, X. Gao, S. Kumar and D. S. Roy, “Evolution of wireless sensor network design from technology centric to user centric: An Architectural Perspective”, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 16(8), 2020.
  31. S. Sennan, R. Somula, A. K. Luhach, A. Nayyar and B. Qureshi, “CT-RPL: Cluster Tree Based Routing Protocol to Maximize the Lifetime of Internet of Things”, Sensors, vol. 20, 2020.

Acknowledgements


Author(s) thanks to Dr.Rajkumar Ganesan for this research completion and Data validation support.


Funding


No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.


Ethics declarations


Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.


Availability of data and materials


No data available for above study.


Author information


Contributions

All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.


Corresponding author


Rights and permissions


Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/


Cite this article


Karthikeyan Sakthivel and Rajkumar Ganesan, “An Insight on Optimization Techniques for Uncertain and Reliable Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks”, Journal of Machine and Computing, pp. 126-143, April 2023. doi: 10.53759/7669/jmc202303013.


Copyright


© 2023 Karthikeyan Sakthivel and Rajkumar Ganesan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.