This paper provides a review of analytical tools and clinical application in the field of 4D flow MRI. The convention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in clinical practice for valuation of affected role with cardiovascular disease is now commonplace. Two-dimensional stage contrast MRI has remained cast-off to amount local plasma movement in the heart and arteries since the late 1980s. Recently time determined stage contrast magnetic timbre imaging (PC-MRI) with speed programming in all three movement instructions and three dimensional (3D) anatomic handling (sometimes referred to as "4D flow MRI") has remained industrialized and cast-off to measure cardiovascular hemodynamics in various human organs. MRIoffers for dimension complicated blood stream patterns with unparalleled precision and detail due to its capacity to observe blood flow in three dimensions and quantify it retrospectively, in four dimensions.
Keywords
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), Phase Contrast (PC)
S. Harada, K. Takano, M. Fukasawa, S. Shirakawa, and M. Yamada, “Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging detects activation of limbic structures in response to auditory stimuli of different frequencies,” Magn. Reson. Imaging, vol. 94, pp. 89–97, 2022.
J. Fei et al., “Study on the cytotoxic microstructure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by X-ray phase-contrast CT imaging,” Contrast Media Mol. Imaging, vol. 2022, p. 2413922, 2022.
T. Chen, N. Yue, S. Jabbour, and M. Zhang, “SU-G-BRA-03: PCA based imaging angle optimization for 2D cine MRI based radiotherapy guidance,” Med. Phys., vol. 43, no. 6Part25, pp. 3635–3635, 2016.
L. A. Rivera-Rivera et al., “Assessment of vascular stiffness in the internal carotid artery proximal to the carotid canal in Alzheimer’s disease using pulse wave velocity from low rank reconstructed 4D flow MRI,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 298–311, 2021.
H. H. Assoum, M. El Hassan, J. Hamdi, M. Alkheir, K. A. Meraim, and A. Sakout, “Turbulent Kinetic Energy and self-sustaining tones in an impinging jet using High Speed 3D Tomographic-PIV,” Energy rep., vol. 6, pp. 802–806, 2020.
M. Markl, W. Wallis, and A. Harloff, “Reproducibility of flow and wall shear stress analysis using flow-sensitive four-dimensional MRI,” J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 988–994, 2011.
D. Thakrar et al., “Complex 3D blood flow pathways in two cases of aorta to right heart fistulae: a 4D flow MRI study,” Magn. Reson. Imaging, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1453–1455, 2013.
R. Hyodo, Y. Takehara, and S. Naganawa, “4D Flow MRI in the portal venous system: imaging and analysis methods, and clinical applications,” Radiol. Med., 2022.
L. A. Rivera-Rivera et al., “Changes in intracranial venous blood flow and pulsatility in Alzheimer’s disease: A 4D flow MRI study,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 2149–2158, 2017.
G. Soulat et al., “4D flow MRI derived aortic hemodynamics multi-year follow-up in repaired coarctation with bicuspid aortic valve,” Diagn. Interv. Imaging, vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 418–426, 2022.
T. H. Oechtering, G. S. Roberts, N. Panagiotopoulos, O. Wieben, A. Roldán-Alzate, and S. B. Reeder, “Abdominal applications of quantitative 4D flow MRI,” Abdom. Radiol. (NY), vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 3229–3250, 2022.
A. J. Fischer, U. M. M. Bauer, M. Frey, J. Beudt, H. Baumgartner, and G.-P. Diller, “Sudden cardiac death in adults with congenital heart disease: Lessons to Learn from the ATROPOS registry,” International Journal of Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease, vol. 9, no. 100396, p. 100396, 2022.
Fallot, “Problems concerning radical surgery of tetralogy of Fallot,” Nihon KyobuGeka Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 383–394, 1975.
S. M. Bhatt et al., “Abstract 11664: Contractile reserve is impaired in patients after Fontan operation and predicts exercise performance on exercise stress echocardiography,” Circulation, vol. 144, no. Suppl_1, 2021.
Q. Wang et al., “Computational fluid dynamic simulations informed by CT and 4D flow MRI for post-surgery aortic dissection – A case study,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 96, no. 108986, p. 108986, 2022.
M. W. Lukies, H. Moriarty, and T. Phan, “Modified gun-sight transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt technique,” Br. J. Radiol., p. 20220556, 2022.
M. M. Sieren et al., “Comparison of 4D Flow MRI to 2D Flow MRI in the pulmonary arteries in healthy volunteers and patients with pulmonary hypertension,” PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 10, p. e0224121, 2019.
A. L. Wentland, “Editorial for ‘reproducibility of aorta segmentation on 4D flow MRI in healthy volunteers,’” J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1280–1281, 2021.
Acknowledgements
Author(s) thanks to University of Washington for research lab and equipment support.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of data and materials
No data available for above study.
Author information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Madeleine Wang Yue Dong
Madeleine Wang Yue Dong
School of Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this article
Madeleine Wang Yue Dong, “A Review of Analytical Tools and Clinical Application in the Field of 4D Flow MRI”, Journal of Biomedical and Sustainable Healthcare Applications, vol.2, no.2, pp. 089-100, July 2022. doi: 10.53759/0088/JBSHA202202011.