Green Technology Implementation Model for Sustainability

Studies on green technology implementation models are limited. This can be observed through an article search in almost all green technology journals related to transportation management in government agencies. Studies on green technology are widely carried out in private agencies, such as the industry and private businesses, but are less focused on in government agencies. The main objective of this study was to identify green technology implementation models, based on the previous concept papers. In this study, three models were identified and highlighted, namely the KAP Model, the Blueprint 2.0 Framework, and the Green Readiness Framework. This study was performed on the basis of developing a green technology model suitable for government agencies. Future research may focus on the development of a green technology implementation framework in the public sector in Malaysia. KeywordsGreen technology framework; Sustainability; Green Technology.


I. INTRODUCTION
Studies on green technology implementation models are limited. This can be seen through an article search in almost all green technology journals related to transportation management in government agencies. Studies on green technology are widely performed in private agencies, such as the industry and private businesses, but are less focused in government agencies. Table 1 shows two articles that mention green technology implemented in private agencies [1], and there is an article that mentioned green technology implemented in business [2]. Furthermore, green technology framework is frequently implemented in other areas such as agriculture, education, and law, but less focused on transportation. There are four studies related to the implementation framework in agriculture [3] while there are three articles in education [4] and three articles in the law [5].
The transport sector has identified key issues, among which is related to carbon emissions, the second highest sector in Malaysia by 21%, compared to other sectors such as industrial and manufacturing [6]. In Malaysia, there are many government agencies such as the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM), the Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM), the Road Transport Department (JPJ), and the Fire and Rescue Department that use transportation vehicles, such as cars, vans, lorries, and others. Table 1 shows the number of vehicles in these departments. Based on Table 2, PDRM is the department that uses the most vehicles (23,578 vehicles) as compared to other government departments, followed by Fire and Rescue Department that utilises land, sea, and air vehicles (3,639 vehicles), while the Malaysian Armed Forces vehicles uses 3,639 vehicles on land, sea, and in the air, and last but not least, the Road Transport Department employs 931 land-based vehicles only.
The main objective of this study was to identify green technology implementation models based on previous studies. Three green technology implementation models were identified from previous research work, and they are the KAP Model [7] Blueprint 2.0 Framework (no specified date), and Green Information Technology Readiness Framework (G-Readiness) [8]. Based on these models, a dedicated technology implementation model for government departments will be developed in future studies.

II. GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND ITS DEFINITION
Green technology is the development of various methods and strategies for generating products that are environmentally friendly. To reduce global warming, alternative heating and development of Green Technology products are produced [9]. The main objective of this technology is to achieve rapid development, including economic development, while maintaining the environment. Research studies in green technology has shown that greenhouse gases has caused climate change and global warming [10]. Green technology can assist in realising sustainable development while lessening the negative effects on the environment. The main parameters in green technology are to create economic viability, sustainability, and justice [11]. Green technology is the application of science to preserve the natural environmental resources for overcoming the negative effects [12]. Green technology is also a technology that has been developed and employed in a way that does not disrupt the natural environment; it is environmentally friendly, as well as nurtures natural resources. According to [13] green technology is a system with tools that is used to preserve natural environmental resources in order to reduce the effect of pollution stemming from human activities. From this, it can be summarised that green technology is a model system with tools that are environmentally friendly and does not disturb the natural sustainability.

Green Technology Implementation Framework
Framework development that is suitable for green practices and green technology implementation is sorely needed. Therefore, there is a fundamental need to understand the implementation process in the context of green practices and green technology application. [3] had stated seven main criteria in developing a solid framework for fulfilling the requirements of green practices and green technology implementation, which are as follows:  Systematic and easy to understand.  Simple and structured.  Have clear links between each element or step that have been outlined.  Appropriate in different contexts.  Represents readiness for deployment.  Answers questions of "how?" and not "what".  Cannot be held accountable of reasonable cost and time.
These criteria can be a guideline when constructing a green practice framework and green technology implementation [14]. This section presents the output of several research development process frameworks that were previously studied. In limiting the scope of this study, the focus is only on the framework that is related to the green technology implementation process.

KAP Model
In [16] introduced the Research Concept Framework using the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Model, as shown in Figure 1. This model formulated with the aim of obtaining an actual illustration about the level of awareness related to green technology amongst Engineering Technology teachers in the Northern Region. This model illustrates the three main parts, namely the input, process, and output. The input portion of the study was represented by the respondents, the part of the process covered the knowledge, attitude, and practice of respondents, and subsequently the output obtained was the awareness of the teachers.
Firstly, knowledge is information stored in long-term memory that will be accessed when needed [17] while attitude is the tendency of an individual toward some matter, event, or thing. It describes feelings toward something. Attitude has three components namely thinking, emotion, and behaviour [18]. Attitude is defined as a psychological form described through the behaviour of individuals who demonstrate consistent response and assessment [19]. Meanwhile the dictionary defines a practice as something that is performed normally. However, this framework is observed holistically without explaining in detail about the types of green technology used.  Agensi X lestari, masyarakat sejahtera  Transport management: regulate the rate of emission and pollution with a more efficient transport management as well as optimal resource management.  Information and communication technology: upgrade equipment, software, and systems to reduce wastage, save on cost and more effective delivery.  Waste management: manage waste more efficiently and orderly.

Objectives
Benchmark Green practices and green technology application become Agency X culture.

Enhancement of Green Technology Practices and Green Technology Application in Line with The Strategies and Objectives Established Under The 11th Malaysia Plan (RMK11)
Main Focus Areas (1) Daily management and GGP: increase awareness and competence levels of Agency X employees as well as improve government green purchasing implementation (2) Building, energy, and utility: building management and maintenance in a systematic manner for improving the optimal usage and management of resources (3) Transport management: regulate the rate of emission and pollution with a more efficient transport management as well as optimal resource management (4) Information and communication technology: upgrade equipment, software, and systems to reduce wastage, save on cost and more effective delivery (5) Waste management: manage waste more efficiently and orderly. These key focus areas will enhance implementation of green practices and green technology applications in line with strategies and targets set under the 11th Malaysia Plan (RMK11). The benchmark in this framework is green activity and the implementation of green technology applications through government green procurement. However, although this framework describes the blueprint of green practices and green technology applications, it does not explain in detail how to implement the process.

Green Information Technology Readiness Framework (G-Readiness)
Green Information Technology Readiness Framework (G-Readiness) was constructed to assist organisations to evaluate their readiness to employ green information technology, as shown in Figure 3 that explains the Green Information Technology Readiness Framework (G-Readiness). In this framework, there are five important elements needed to realise the implementation of green information technology, which are (1) attitude, (2) policy, (3) practice, (4) technology, and (5) governance. G-Readiness represents the combination needed by the organisation to enable it to use environmental resources in a sustainable manner [15].
 Attitude is the effective and professional characteristics of leaders. It measures whether leaders are interested in economic, strategic, regulatory, environmental, and social issues related to the use of information technology.  Readiness to the policy measures the extent of green and sustainable implementation in the organisation.
Three value chain areas can be used to assess the extent of policy readiness, which are IT sourcing, IT operations and services, and end-of-life management. IT sourcing policy is the extent to which the organisation employs a purchasing policy that sets out green guidelines for the purchase of information technology equipment with minimal environmental impact. Meanwhile, IT operations and services is the extent to which services are provided by information technology infrastructure, such as PC power management, policy on staff use, and environmental policy. IT end-of-life management is the policy and regulation associated with the sale and completion of information technology equipment in the organization.  Practices of an organisation is different from the aspect of policy implementation. Green information technology practices include the resource, operation, and management of information technology.  Green information technology is associated with more environmentally friendly technology. The success of technology is to build green technology infrastructure. Among the green technologies that can be used include the recycling of information technology and the optimal energy power centre.  Governance refers to the management of infrastructure to implement green information technology. It covers the governance of green technology and the environment.
This framework has the tendency toward explaining the required concepts in the preparation for implementing green information technology and it does not explain the type of green technology used. The weaknesses in all three models have motivated this researcher to develop a more comprehensive and holistic implementation model so that it can become a guideline and reference for governmental agencies.
III. CONCLUSION The KAP model was constructed for educators, specifically teachers in engineering technology, to instil the importance of green technology in the process of teaching and learning. Meanwhile, the Blueprint 2.0 model can be employed by officers, members, and civil servants in Agency X, and the G-Readiness model is for individuals/organisations that adopt green information technology concept. The weaknesses that can be observed in the KAP model is that even though it views the concept holistically, it fails to explain in detail about the components of green technology used. The weakness of Blueprint 2.0 model is that it does not explain in detail the method of implementation process, while the G-Readiness model has the tendency to explain the concepts that are required in the preparation to implement green technology and does not describe the focused green technology. Therefore, another model has been recommended based on Integration Definition for Process Modelling (IDEF0) because the pattern of this model contains the input, process, control, implementer, and output. This model is simple and easy to understand. This model can be effective in detailing out the system activities and can enable feedback to be given effectively. This model is expected to be more appropriate from the aspect of green technology development for governmental agencies.